INTRODUCTION:

Over the past 30 years, global disease patterns have undergone significant changes, marked by a rising prevalence of noncommunicable diseases and a declining incidence of infectious diseases.¹ Metabolic syndrome, also known as syndrome X or insulin resistance syndrome, is characterized by a set of conditions that increase the likelihood of developing heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes.

The exact cause of metabolic syndrome is not entirely clear, but it is generally believed to result from a combination of genetic predispositions and lifestyle factors such as inadequate physical activity, unhealthy eating habits, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Recent clinical evidence suggests that diets high in calories, particularly those rich in fats and carbohydrates but low in protein, are linked to a growing incidence of metabolic conditions like hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and inflammation. Although mung beans are a rich source of protein and other nutrients, their per capita consumption has consistently fallen below recommended levels. A healthy, plant-based diet has been scientifically associated with a reduced risk of obesity, type II diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.^2,3,4,5

Metabolic syndrome is identified by the presence of at least three of the following five interconnected metabolic risk factors: impaired glucose tolerance, central obesity, hypertension, low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in the serum, and high levels of serum triglycerides.⁶Hyperlipidemia occurs when unusually high quantities of lipids, or fatty compounds, circulate in the blood. Hyperlipidemia is a leading cause of atherosclerosis and its associated diseases, including coronary heart disease (CHD), ischemic cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, and pancreatitis. Lipid retention, oxidation, and modification all contribute to chronic inflammation, which eventually leads to thrombosis or stenosis.⁷

Diabetes is a chronic condition which occurs when the body cannot make enough insulin or when the body fails to use insulin properly, resulting in a metabolic disorder defined by chronic hyperglycemia and abnormalities, especially in carbohydrates followed by protein and lipid metabolism⁸. Occurrence of chronic diseases due to malpractice of diet and knowledge.

Banu B et al. summarised in their study that the level of knowledge and attitude and practice on diabetes was found to be average or poor. Chronic diseases are a major and growing health concern that places a significant cost burden on patients, their families, society, and national healthcare systems around the globe. In 2015, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) projected those 415 million persons aged 20 to 79 had diabetes, with USD 673 billion spent on diabetes treatment and consequences. There would be 642 million individuals living with diabetes by 2040, with total diabetes health spending anticipated to rise by USD 802 billion, If no effective and long-term interventions are done.⁹

Incidence and Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome:

The incidence of metabolic syndrome is frequently linked with a higher incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes (one of the results of MetS). According to the NFHS 5 report, during 2019– 2021, obesity in India increased by 24% as compared to NFHS 4 by 20.6% (2015-16) in women and 22.9% to 18.9% in men. The probability of having a high risk of waist-to-hip ratio (> 0.85) is 56.7% in women and (>0.90) 47.7% in men.¹⁰ Recent research by Luhar et al. forecasts a dramatic rise in overweight and obesity rates among Indian adults aged 20-69 years from 2010 to 2040. Specifically, the prevalence of overweight is projected to reach 30.5% (ranging from 27.4% to 34.4%) in men and 27.4% (ranging from 24.5% to 30.6%) in women by 2040. Obesity rates are expected to increase to 9.5% (ranging from 5.4% to 13.3%) in males and 13.9% (ranging from 10.1% to 16.9%) in females. Additionally, the study highlights that rural areas will experience a greater proportional rise in these conditions compared to urban areas. Overweight and obesity rates are anticipated to be higher among older adults by 2040.¹¹

The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) has reported that 537 million people are living with diabetes globally, including 90 million in the Southeast Asia (SEA) Region. By 2045, the number of people with diabetes in the SEA Region is expected to rise to 151.5 million.¹²Diet has a vital role in both the avoidance and management of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Plant-based diets (PBD) have been found to give a variety of health upsides, including MetS prevention, while also helping to reduce environmental impact, and contributing to being environmentally sustainable.¹³ The secondary metabolites are derived from the plant's bioactive compounds produced during metabolism which demonstrate potential for therapeutic applications, particularly antioxidative attributes. Some of the significant bioactive or phytochemical compounds that have the potential to sustain better human health include phenols and carotenoids.¹⁴Diet is widely acknowledged as an important factor in preserving health, combating oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, and preventing chronic degenerative diseases. Almost all metabolic and physiological dysfunctions are linked to people's sedentary lifestyles, environments, and eating habits.¹²After cereals (Gramineae), legumes (Fabaceae/Leguminosae) are regarded as the second most crucial food crop for humans. Legume seeds are a significant part of many diets because they are rich in proteins, bioactive compounds, minerals, and vitamins compared to cereals. They are often called "the poor man's meat" due to their nutritional value.¹⁵

The mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) is a significant legume cultivated on about 6 million hectares globally, representing roughly 8.5% of the world's pulse-growing area. It is a common dietary item in many Asian households. Its ability to withstand drought, require minimal resources, and complete its growth cycle in 70 days or less makes it suitable for cultivation in various Asian countries, including China, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and other Southeast Asian nations, as well as in the drier regions of southern Africa. Mung beans are rich in protein, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, iron, dietary fibre, and bioactive phytochemicals, positioning them as a valuable alternative functional food.¹⁶ In addition to meeting essential nutritional needs, recent studies have uncovered a variety of potential health benefits of mung beans. These include their effects on lowering blood sugar and lipid levels, as well as their abilities to reduce blood pressure, combat cancer, inhibit skin pigmentation, protect the liver, and modulate the immune system.¹⁷

The Screening process:

Initially, organized the article for final selection. A consensus on inclusion/exclusion is pursued if there is any disagreement. The step involved in the process of selection is illustrated in Fig.1

Quality Appraisal of Selected Articles:

The primary aspects considered included a clear overview of the sample and study design, methodology, validation, generalization, inclusion criteria, and study relevance.

Charting the data:

Data gathered included (a) the year of publication, (b) the author's name, (c) the number of citations, (d) study design, (e) the setting of the research, (g) effect of mung bean. The data was arranged systematically in a spreadsheet and discussed among all writers.

Fig. 1 Screening of the retrieved articles¹⁹

Author’s Name

of Citations

Year

Intervention

Results

Yeap, S. K.,

et al.

2012

Nonfermented mung bean extract & Extract of Fermented mung bean

↓ Body weight, prevent substantial increases in blood sugar,

enhance insulin sensitivity^,maintaining a healthy lipid profile²⁰

Tachibana, N

et al.

2013

Mung Bean Coat Extract

Normal rats fed a standard diet demonstrate hypolipidemic effects from mung bean protein alone. Insulin signalling may be crucial for the production of adiponectin and the decrease in triglyceride synthesis.²¹

Jang, Y. H.,

et al.

2014

Mung Bean Coat Extract

In Diabetic mice, Mung Bean Coat significantly lowered blood HbA1C and level of serum glucose as well as enhanced insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, MBC pumped the liver's antioxidant enzyme activity and decreased TBARS (Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) levels.²²

Yao, Y.;

et al.

2014

Mung Bean Powder

The study discovered that supplementing with 1% or 2% mung bean led to a reduction in plasma total cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels. This cholesterol-lowering effect of mung bean is likely attributed to increased bile acid excretion and enhanced CYP7A1 activity.²³

Yao, Y.,

et. al

2014

Mung Bean powder

For six weeks, Golden Syrian hamsters were given a 0.1% cholesterol diet supplemented with mung bean powder to study the effects of mung bean protein on cholesterol levels and the expression of cholesterol-regulating enzymes. The results indicated that mung bean protein (MBP) significantly lowered plasma total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerols, non-HDL cholesterol, and liver cholesterol by the end of the study period.²⁴

Yeap, S. K.,

et al.

2015

Fermented Mung Bean Extract

Fermented mung beans exhibit a hypolipidemic effect by increasing Apolipoprotein-E and decreasing Neuropeptide Y. The antioxidant activity lowered hepatic steatosis and inflammation caused by high cholesterol by upregulating the Bcl2a1a (antiapoptotic protein) gene.²⁵

Asrullah, M.,

et al.

2016

Mung bean Sprout smoothie

For 4 weeks, 2-month-old rats fed with mung bean sprout smoothie 0.67 mg/200 gm bw and another group fed with 1.34 mg/200 gm bw. Results exhibited that the lipid profile in the groups fed with mung bean sprouts showed lower total cholesterol and triglyceride than in the positive control group.²⁶

Liyanage, R.,

et al.

2018

Raw, sprouted and cooked mung bean powder

For seven weeks, aged male Wistar rats were fed a diet containing 30% mung bean powders (raw, sprouted, and cooked), which were obtained by drying them in an oven. Rats fed a raw or cooked mung bean diet showed decreased serum glucose, cholesterol, and insulin levels (p <.05).²⁷

Kapravelou, G.,et al.

2017

Raw and Germinated mung bean powder

Combining Four day-germinated V. radiata via aerobic interval training improved aerobic capacity, physical performance, liver histology, plasma lipid parameters, and reversed insulin resistance in the obese Zucker rat model.²⁸

Nakatani, A.,

et al.

2018

Mung bean protein isolated

In this study, the mung bean protein was isolated and fed to the rats for four weeks. This intervention significantly decreases the weight and modulates the gut microbiota.²⁹

Hou, D.,

et. al.

2020

Cooked mung bean powder

This research found that cooked mung bean for twelve weeks was therapeutically acceptable intake which significantly suppressed weight growth and accumulation of fat and ameliorated serum lipid and ALT levels in HFD-induced obese mice. decreases the weight and modulates the gut microbiota.³⁰

Hou, D., et. al.

2020

Whole mung bean and decorticated mung bean powder

In the study, WMB supplementation to mice for twelve weeks had a positive effect on reducing HFD-induced obesity by inhibiting body weight and fat accumulation while also improving glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. DMB only showed a slight decrease in these parameters.³¹

Hou, D., et al.

2021

Mung bean seed coat powder

Studies revealed that a 12-week diet with MBC effectively prevented weight gain and fat accumulation caused by a high-fat diet (HFD). It also led to improvements in metabolic syndrome symptoms, including better lipid profiles, reduced glucose levels, enhanced glucose tolerance, decreased insulin resistance, less liver fat, reduced adipose tissue growth, and lower levels of systemic inflammation.

Charoensiddhi, S., et. al.

2022

Mung bean seed coat Extract

MSE was shown to decrease reactive oxygen species and improve glucose uptake in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent fashion. Furthermore, MSE exhibited anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated THP-1 monocytes by reducing the expression of TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8. These results indicate that MSE has potential as a dietary supplement for enhancing gut health and lowering the risk of diabetes and inflammation.³²

Li, L.,

et al.

2022

Mung bean peptide protein powder

In the current study, 5 weeks of dietary supplementation with MBPs substantially decreased HFD-induced body weight gain and lowered the glucose level, lipid level, insulin resistance, inflammation, and oxidative stress in mice while minimising liver and kidney injury.³³

Li, L., et. al.

2022

Mung bean peptide

protein powder

The experimental findings revealed that a 5-week dietary supplementation with Mung Bean Proteins (245 mg/kg/d) successfully lowered insulin resistance in HFD mice. HFD mice show major reductions in their weight, C-Peptide, IL-6, TNF-α, and malondialdehyde levels in serum, insulin resistance, and Fasting Glucose (P < 0.05).³⁴

Amare, Y. E., et al.

2022

Mung bean seed Extract

This study found that oral administration of methanol extract from V. radiata seeds exhibited dose-dependent antihyperglycemic effects comparable to glibenclamide. The extract was effective in lowering lipid profiles, AST, ALT, and glycated haemoglobin levels in diabetic mice. It also contributed to the restoration of liver glycogen and insulin levels, indicating its potential benefits for diabetes management.³⁵

Shen, X., et al.

2022

Polyphenol extract from germinated mung bean

T2DM mice had lower fasting blood glucose (FBG), higher glucose tolerance, less insulin resistance, better serum lipid indices, and lower serum ALT and AST enzyme activity. levels of serum including IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP lowered. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) levels rose, lowering diabetes-induced inflammation and repairing liver tissue in mice. Germinated polyphenol in mung (GMP) controls the primary intestinal flora of diabetic mice, which includes Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria.³⁶

Kabré, J. D. A. W., et al.

2022

Natural and Germinated mung bean extract

In this investigation, germinated mung beans showed antibacterial capabilities. It also has a greater ability to reduce DPPH radicals than regular mung beans. Nonetheless, both types of mung bean regulated total cholesterol, LDL triglycerides, ASAT, ALAT, urea, and creatinine.³⁷

According to clinical studies legumes include bioactive dietary ingredients with potential health advantages, and their consumption is increasing at a 10% annual rate.^39
“WHO has also recommended that the consumption of bioactive compounds has the potential to enhance healthcare and overcome many chronic degenerative diseases.⁴⁰ Over the last half-century, there have been significant changes in how humans eat and drink, as well as an increasing incidence of energy imbalance, obesity and overweight, as well as a broad spectrum of other nutrition-related metabolic problems.” Growing clinical data suggests that calorie-dense, high-fat, carbohydrate diets with low protein content are associated with metabolic diseases such as inflammation, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. International health organizations have been supporting a range of plant-based functional foods, which has led to a need for significant dietary pattern modifications to improve health and prevent chronic illness (Fig-2). Diet is a crucial, modifiable risk factor for MetS (metabolic syndrome). A plant-based diet (PBD) is composed of minimally processed fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, seeds, herbs, and spices, and does not include any animal products, such as red meat, poultry, fish, eggs, or dairy.⁴¹ Both the general population and the scientific community have become more interested in PBD over the past few years, and it has become one of the major dietary patterns adopted by Western countries. “According to the Food and Agriculture Organisation (1994), pulses, a subgroup of legumes, are crop plant members of the pea Leguminosae family (commonly known as the pea family) that produce edible seeds, which are used for human and animal consumption.”⁴²

Figure 2; Modulation of hyperglycemia, and Hyperlipidemia by the mung bean (including seeds, sprouts, and seed coat) and its active component

According to clinical studies legumes include bioactive dietary ingredients with potential health advantages, and their consumption is increasing at a 10% annual rate.^38
“WHO has also recommended that the consumption of bioactive compounds has the potential to enhance healthcare and overcome many chronic degenerative diseases.³⁹ Over the last half-century, there have been significant changes in how humans eat and drink, as well as an increasing incidence of energy imbalance, obesity and overweight, as well as a broad spectrum of other nutrition-related metabolic problems.” Growing clinical data suggests that calorie-dense, high-fat, carbohydrate diets with low protein content are associated with metabolic diseases such as inflammation, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. International health organizations have been supporting a range of plant-based functional foods, which has led to a need for significant dietary pattern modifications to improve health and prevent chronic illness (Fig-2). Diet is a crucial, modifiable risk factor for MetS (metabolic syndrome). A plant-based diet (PBD) is composed of minimally processed fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, seeds, herbs, and spices, and does not include any animal products, such as red meat, poultry, fish, eggs, or dairy.⁴⁰ Both the general population and the scientific community have become more interested in PBD over the past few years, and it has become one of the major dietary patterns adopted by Western countries. “According to the Food and Agriculture Organisation (1994), pulses, a subgroup of legumes, are crop plant members of the pea Leguminosae family (commonly known as the pea family) that produce edible seeds, which are used for human and animal consumption.”⁴¹

Mung bean is a nutritionally balanced diet rich in fibre and protein, as well as phytochemicals with bioactive properties. Its high amounts of oligosaccharides and polyphenols contribute to antioxidant, lipid metabolism modulation, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticancer capabilities. Suja C et al. plant polyphenols as dietary antioxidants served as preventive effects including anti-diabetic, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective.⁴² Chauhan M et al. Phytochemicals are biologically active substances from plant-based diets that have a significant role in many chronic and degenerative diseases.⁴³ However, lentil seeds are a key component of the individual's diet due to their greater quantities of protein, bioactive compounds, minerals, and vitamins than cereals. They are considered "the poor man's meat". Pulse is an important part of diet in the Indian population. According to the NSS (National Sample Survey), consumption of pulses has declined to the recommended level. The current average range of consumption is 47 gm/ day but the Indian council recommended 40 gm /day per capita which is higher for the sedentary population but it is much lower for the working individual (men and women) 50 or 60 gm/day per capita. Mung bean protein is less expensive than animal sources of protein. Patwardhan (1962) legumes have an essential role in the diets of inhabitants in the tropics and subtropics, where animal-source food consumption is less frequent. In these places, using protein-rich legumes is a key technique for balancing diets. Pulse contributes to lowering the risk of Body Mass Index, obesity-related parameters, and CVDs, and increases satiety.

After cereal, pulses are the second-highest contributor to the Indian diet. Over time, mung bean intake has fallen. Consumption of mung in rural and urban areas declined for two decades (Fig 3).

Fig-3⁴⁵: Consumtion Pattern of green gram in rural and urban population 1988-2012 (in kg/capita/year)

Health-promoting effects of mung bean:

Based on a combination of the high content of nutrients and potency of bioactive chemicals, the Compound present in mung beans is getting more involved in the process of detoxification, radical scavenging, and chemo-preventive effects. Because of their antioxidant qualities, mung beans have the potential to improve health when taken as complementary in Ayurveda.

DISCUSSION:

Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic activity:

Mung beans have an abundance of Polyphenols, which play a key role in gut health and antioxidant activity due to their phenolic content. Analysis of gut microbiota through RNA sequencing showed that mung bean seed coat extraction only did not increase the beneficial bacteria like Enterococcus, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Ruminococcus, Lactobacillus, as well as reduced pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia-Shigella). MSE exhibited anti-diabetic efficacy in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells by decreasing reactive oxygen species and boosting glucose absorption (Charoensiddhi, S. et. al 2022).³³ Administration of Methanolic extraction of Vigna radiata 100mg, 200mg and 400mg/kg BW was fed to the allaxon-induced diabetic mice for 14 days, the result showed the mung bean exhibited the antihyperglycemic along with antihyperlipidemic effect, the biochemical parameters AST, ALT, glycosylated haemoglobin, bad cholesterol (TC, TG) significantly decreased and HDL, insulin level improved, these changes in biochemical parameters were more with increasing the dose of an extract of Vigna radiata. (Amare, Y. E. et al. 2022, Asrullah, M., et al. 2017).^36,²⁶ Legumes were previously linked with a hypolipidemic effect due to the presence of flavonoids. Hypercholesteremic mice were fed with extracted fermented mung bean in a dose of 200mg/kg and 1000mg/kg body weight. Male C57BL/6J mice were given the standard control diet, High Fat Diet (HFD), and HFD supplemented with MBC (mung bean seed coat 3-6%, w/w) for twelve weeks. MBC supplementation significantly reduced HFD-induced adiposity, accumulation of fat, levels of lipids, lipopolysaccharides, and proinflammatory cytokines (P<0.05). It also improved hepatic steatosis and adipocyte size. MBC supplementation substantially decreased elevated FBS levels and insulin resistance improved (P<0.05) (Hou, D. et al. 2021).³² Humans' gastrointestinal tracts contain trillions of microorganisms that are essential for the body's healthy functioning.⁴⁴Gut microorganisms have a principal role in controlling glucose and lipid metabolism, which influences general health. A 5-week dietary supplementation with MBPs successfully lowered HFD-induced body mass gain, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, inflammation, and oxidative stress in mice, while also reducing liver and kidney damage. Furthermore, it increased gut microbiota diversity, decreased Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, and reversed HFD-induced imbalances in prediabetic rats (Li. L. et al. 2022).³⁴ The study discovered that administering Mung Bean Peptide (245mg/kg/day) for 5 weeks effectively lowered insulin resistance in high-fat diet (HFD) rats. HFD-induced mice demonstrated significant decreases in body weight, insulin resistance index, and blood levels of Fasting Blood Glucose, C-peptide, IL-6, TNF-α, and MDA (P<0.05). In contrast, SOD concentration and pancreatic β cell function index significantly improved (P<0.05), while injured pancreatic tissue was repaired. Glycine is a biomarker linked to insulin resistance. (Li L. et al. 2022, Yeap, S. K., et al. 2012).^35,20 An online search was made from the year 2012 to 2022. The findings from the studies support the hypolipidemic, and Hypoglycemic effects of mung bean and also modulate the gut microbiota. In these studies, the mung bean was administered in different forms, for example, an extract of fermented and non-fermented mung (Yeap, S. K., et al,), Mung bean coat extract (Tachibana, N. et al., Jang, Y.H., et al., Charoensiddhi, S., et al.), mung bean powder (Yao, Y., et al.), Raw, sprouted, germinated and cooked mung bean powder (Liyanage, R., et al., Kapravelou, G. et al.) to study the different beneficial aspect of mung bean in the experimental model. All forms of mung bean showed diverse health effects by decreasing the Fasting blood sugar level and improving insulin sensitivity in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats. It also increases the HDL and reduces the lipids TG, TC and LDL, which exhibit the Hypolipidemic effect. Dietary supplementation of mung contributes to gut microbial diversity, it substantially reduces the body mass index. From a nutritional standpoint, besides the basic nutrients needed, mung bean has some other additional compounds such as polyphenols (isoflavones, flavonoids). Mung bean is the most accessible and affordable choice regarding an upsurge in the popularity of the utilization of protein.

CONCLUSION :

Mung beans are a valuable source of protein and micronutrients in human nutrition, which makes them widely consumed worldwide. Mung beans contain bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and metabolites, which have antioxidant properties and can protect against degenerative diseases. During sprouting, mung bean undergoes dynamic changes that raise the concentration of metabolites, enhancing its biological traits. Processing methods of mung bean, including sprouting, fermentation and extracts, have been shown to affect biological properties across various studies. Proven effects of mung bean from different studies suggest consumption of mung bean in everyday life can enhance the uptake of glucose, regulate the lipid level, modulate the gut microbes and affect obesity-related indices. Limitation and Future: Perspective However, there are still major discrepancies in our understanding of the variety of mung beans that can affect their bioavailability. Many Studies did not mention the varieties which were used for intervention in In Vivo research. Anti-nutritional factors hamper their properties, which can be removed through food processing including soaking, germination and fermentation. There are numerous sources of protein that people use for their daily intake. Protein availability depends on the quality of food and in what form we are consuming it, not on how much quantity we are taking it.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS:

This Article has been written under the guidence of Dr. Vandana Verma. Both authors contributed to concept design, drafting the article, selection of the articles, analysis, interpretation and revised it critically for important intellectual content.

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Received on 06.09.2024 Revised on 22.01.2025

Accepted on 28.03.2025 Published on 13.01.2026

Available online from January 17, 2026

Research J. Pharmacy and Technology. 2026;19(1):481-489.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2026.00070

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Creative Commons License.

Protein	Fat	CHO	Fibre	Iron	Calcium	Potassium	Phosphorus	Magnesium
22.9 gm	1.2 gm	61.8 gm	4.4 gm	7.3 mg	124 mg	883 mg	326 mg	171 mg

Database/Search Engine	Keywords used	No. of Articles
PubMed	“Mung Bean AND Hyperlipidemia, Antidiabetic effect of Mung Bean, Mung Bean AND metabolic diseases”	98
Google Scholar	Role of Mung in Metabolic Syndrome, “Mung bean” Antioxidant and Antidiabetic effect”	941
Google	“Effect of green gram in metabolic syndrome in Rat/Animal model., “Potential benefits of Mung bean in NCDs, Role of Vigna Radiata in diseases.”	10
Reference tracking of Selected Articles	Selected articles were scanned for references to identify any relevant article to include in the study	26